เหตุผล

เหตุผลเป็นความสามารถโดยเจตนาในการประยุกต์ตรรกะเพื่อค้นหาความจริง และสร้างข้อสรุปขึ้นใหม่หรือจากข้อมูลที่มีอยู่เดิม^[1]^[2] เหตุผลมีความเกี่ยวพันอย่างมากกับกิจกรรมที่เป็นเอกลักษณ์ของมนุษย์ เช่น ปรัชญา, วิทยาศาสตร์, ภาษา, คณิตศาสตร์ และศิลปะ และโดยทั่วไปมักถือกันว่าการมีเหตุผลเป็นคุณลักษณะพิเศษที่ใช้แยกมนุษย์จากสิ่งมีชีวิตอื่น^[3] บางครั้งอาจเรียกเหตุผลว่าความเป็นเหตุเป็นผล (rationality)^[4]

ส่วน การให้เหตุผล เกี่ยวข้องการคิดและรับรู้ รวมถึงการใช้ปัญญาของบุคคลหนึ่ง ๆ ประกอบ วิชาตรรกะคือการศึกษาวิธีการใช้รูปแบบทางตรรกะของมนุษย์เพื่อใช้เหตุผลผลิตข้อเสนอที่ถูกต้องทางตรรกะ^[5]

อ้างอิง

↑ Proudfoot, Michael (2010). The Routledge dictionary of philosophy. A. R. Lacey, A. R.. Lacey (4th ed.). London: Routledge. p. 341. ISBN 978-0-203-42846-7. OCLC 503050369. Reason: A general faculty common to all or nearly all humans...this faculty has seemed to be of two sorts, a faculty of intuition by which one 'sees' truths or abstract things ('essences' or universals, etc.), and a faculty of reasoning, i.e. passing from premises to a conclusion (discursive reason). The verb 'reason is confined to this latter sense, which is now anyway the commonest for the noun too
↑ Rescher, Nicholas (2005). The Oxford companion to philosophy. Ted Honderich (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 791. ISBN 978-0-19-153265-8. OCLC 62563098. reason. The general human 'faculty' or capacity for truth-seeking and problem solving{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (ลิงก์)
↑ Mercier, Hugo; Sperber, Dan (2017). The Enigma of Reason. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 2. ISBN 9780674368309. OCLC 959650235. Enhanced with reason, cognition can secure better knowledge in all domains and adjust action to novel and ambitious goals, or so the story goes. [...] Understanding why only a few species have echolocation is easy. Understanding why only humans have reason is much more challenging. Compare: MacIntyre, Alasdair (1999). Dependent Rational Animals: Why Human Beings Need the Virtues. The Paul Carus Lectures. Vol. 20. Open Court Publishing. ISBN 9780812693973. OCLC 40632451. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2014-12-01. [...] the exercise of independent practical reasoning is one essential constituent to full human flourishing. It is not—as I have already insisted—that one cannot flourish at all, if unable to reason. Nonetheless not to be able to reason soundly at the level of practice is a grave disability.
↑
See, for example:
- Amoretti, Maria Cristina; Vassallo, Nicla, บ.ก. (2013). Reason and Rationality. Philosophische Analyse / Philosophical Analysis. Vol. 48. Berlin: De Gruyter. doi:10.1515/9783110325867. ISBN 9783868381634. OCLC 807032616.
- Audi, Robert (2001). The Architecture of Reason: The Structure and Substance of Rationality. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195158427.001.0001. ISBN 0195141121. OCLC 44046914.
- Eze, Emmanuel Chukwudi (2008). On Reason: Rationality in a World of Cultural Conflict and Racism. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. doi:10.1215/9780822388777. ISBN 9780822341789. OCLC 180989486.
- Rescher, Nicholas (1988). Rationality: A Philosophical Inquiry into the Nature and the Rationale of Reason. Clarendon Library of Logic and Philosophy. Oxford; New York: Clarendon Press; Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198244355. OCLC 17954516.
↑ Hintikka, J. "Philosophy of logic". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. สืบค้นเมื่อ 12 November 2013.

แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น

เหตุผล ที่ PhilPapers
Beer, Francis A., "Words of Reason", Political Communication 11 (Summer, 1994): 185–201.
Gilovich, Thomas (1991), How We Know What Isn't So: The Fallibility of Human Reason in Everyday Life, New York: The Free Press, ISBN 978-0-02-911705-7
Tripurari, Swami, On Faith and Reason เก็บถาวร 2013-05-22 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน, The Harmonist, May 27, 2009.

[1] Proudfoot, Michael (2010). The Routledge dictionary of philosophy. A. R. Lacey, A. R.. Lacey (4th ed.). London: Routledge. p. 341. ISBN 978-0-203-42846-7. OCLC 503050369. Reason: A general faculty common to all or nearly all humans...this faculty has seemed to be of two sorts, a faculty of intuition by which one 'sees' truths or abstract things ('essences' or universals, etc.), and a faculty of reasoning, i.e. passing from premises to a conclusion (discursive reason). The verb 'reason is confined to this latter sense, which is now anyway the commonest for the noun too

[2] Rescher, Nicholas (2005). The Oxford companion to philosophy. Ted Honderich (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 791. ISBN 978-0-19-153265-8. OCLC 62563098. reason. The general human 'faculty' or capacity for truth-seeking and problem solving{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (ลิงก์)

[3] Mercier, Hugo; Sperber, Dan (2017). The Enigma of Reason. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 2. ISBN 9780674368309. OCLC 959650235. Enhanced with reason, cognition can secure better knowledge in all domains and adjust action to novel and ambitious goals, or so the story goes. [...] Understanding why only a few species have echolocation is easy. Understanding why only humans have reason is much more challenging. Compare: MacIntyre, Alasdair (1999). Dependent Rational Animals: Why Human Beings Need the Virtues. The Paul Carus Lectures. Vol. 20. Open Court Publishing. ISBN 9780812693973. OCLC 40632451. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2014-12-01. [...] the exercise of independent practical reasoning is one essential constituent to full human flourishing. It is not—as I have already insisted—that one cannot flourish at all, if unable to reason. Nonetheless not to be able to reason soundly at the level of practice is a grave disability.

[4] See, for example:
Amoretti, Maria Cristina; Vassallo, Nicla, บ.ก. (2013). Reason and Rationality. Philosophische Analyse / Philosophical Analysis. Vol. 48. Berlin: De Gruyter. doi:10.1515/9783110325867. ISBN 9783868381634. OCLC 807032616.

Audi, Robert (2001). The Architecture of Reason: The Structure and Substance of Rationality. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195158427.001.0001. ISBN 0195141121. OCLC 44046914.

Eze, Emmanuel Chukwudi (2008). On Reason: Rationality in a World of Cultural Conflict and Racism. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. doi:10.1215/9780822388777. ISBN 9780822341789. OCLC 180989486.

Rescher, Nicholas (1988). Rationality: A Philosophical Inquiry into the Nature and the Rationale of Reason. Clarendon Library of Logic and Philosophy. Oxford; New York: Clarendon Press; Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198244355. OCLC 17954516.

[5] Amoretti, Maria Cristina; Vassallo, Nicla, บ.ก. (2013). Reason and Rationality. Philosophische Analyse / Philosophical Analysis. Vol. 48. Berlin: De Gruyter. doi:10.1515/9783110325867. ISBN 9783868381634. OCLC 807032616.

[6] Audi, Robert (2001). The Architecture of Reason: The Structure and Substance of Rationality. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195158427.001.0001. ISBN 0195141121. OCLC 44046914.

[7] Eze, Emmanuel Chukwudi (2008). On Reason: Rationality in a World of Cultural Conflict and Racism. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. doi:10.1215/9780822388777. ISBN 9780822341789. OCLC 180989486.

[8] Rescher, Nicholas (1988). Rationality: A Philosophical Inquiry into the Nature and the Rationale of Reason. Clarendon Library of Logic and Philosophy. Oxford; New York: Clarendon Press; Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198244355. OCLC 17954516.

[5] Hintikka, J. "Philosophy of logic". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. สืบค้นเมื่อ 12 November 2013.

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